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Sam 68 is a protein that is phosphorylated on tyrosine and functions as a substrate for Src family tyrosine kinases during mitosis. Sam 68 also associates with several SH2 and SH3 domain-containing signaling proteins, such as GRB2 and PLC ?. Originally cloned as Ras GAP-associated p62, further investigations have shown that Sam 68 and Ras GAP-associated p62 are not antigenically related, nor are they encoded by the same gene. Like Sam 68, the Sam 68-like mammalian proteins, SLM-1 and SLM-

GLUT4 is the facilitated glucose transporter expressed exclusively in adipocytes and muscle cells, and is also known as the “insulin-responsive“ glucose transporter. GLUT4 translocates from an ill-defined intracellular compartment to the plasma membrane in response to insulin. The total cellular content of GLUT4 is significantly decreased in adipose cells from many patients with Type II diabetes mellitus, and animals with some types of experimental diabetes.

PKA (or cAPK) is a cyclic AMP dependent protein kinase. When activated by the second messenger cAMP, PKA mediates diverse cellular mechanisms, including proliferation, ion transport, regulation of metabolism, plus gene transcription. PKA is comprised of two dimers of two subunits, R (regulatory) and C (catalytic). Two families of R subunit (RI and RII) and three C subunit isoforms (C alpha, C beta, and C gamma) have been identified each possessing distinct cAMP binding properties and resul

Gene activation and repression is specifically regulated by histone methylation status at distinct lysine residues. Lysine specific demethylase 1 (KDM1/LSD1) is a long-sought histone demethylase that specifically demethylates mono and di methyl histone H3 at K4 and K9. Thus KDM1 is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation, thereby acting as a corepressor.

Gene activation and repression is specifically regulated by histone methylation status at distinct lysine residues. Lysine specific demethylase 1 (KDM1/LSD1) is a long-sought histone demethylase that specifically demethylates mono and di methyl histone H3 at K4 and K9. Thus KDM1 is a specific tag for epigenetic transcriptional activation, thereby acting as a corepressor.